Edema pulmonar por reexpansión. Reporte de Caso / Pulmonary edema due to re-expansion. Case Report

Introducción. El edema pulmonar por reexpansión es una complicación poco frecuente, secundaria a una rápida reexpansión pulmonar posterior al drenaje por toracentesis o toracostomía cerrada. Al día de hoy, se ha descrito una incidencia menor al 1 % tras toracostomía cerrada, con mayor prevalencia en la segunda y tercera década de la vida. Su mecanismo fisiopatológico exacto es desconocido; se ha planteado un proceso multifactorial de daño intersticial pulmonar asociado con un desequilibrio de las fuerzas hidrostáticas. Caso clínico. Presentamos el caso de un paciente que desarrolló edema pulmonar por reexpansión posterior a toracostomía cerrada. Se hizo una revisión de la literatura sobre esta complicación. Resultados. Aunque la clínica sugiere el diagnóstico, la secuencia de imágenes desempeña un papel fundamental. En la mayoría de los casos suele ser autolimitado, por lo que su manejo es principalmente de soporte; sin embargo, se han reportado tasas de mortalidad que alcanzan hasta el 20 %, por tanto, es importante conocer los factores de riesgo y las medidas preventivas. Conclusión. El edema pulmonar de reexpansión posterior a toracostomía es una complicación rara en los casos con neumotórax, aunque es una complicación que se puede presentar en la práctica diaria, por lo cual debe tenerse en mente para poder hacer el diagnóstico y un manejo adecuado.

Introduction. Re-expansion pulmonary edema is a rare complication secondary to rapid pulmonary re-expansion after drainage by thoracentesis and/or closed thoracostomy. As of today, an incidence of less than 1% has been described after closed thoracostomy, with a higher prevalence in the second and third decades of life. Its exact pathophysiological mechanism is unknown; a multifactorial process of lung interstitial damage associated with an imbalance of hydrostatic forces has been proposed. Clinical case. We present the case of a patient who developed pulmonary edema due to re-expansion after closed thoracostomy, conducting a review of the literature on this complication. Results. Although the clinic suggests the diagnosis, the sequence of images plays a fundamental role. In most cases, it tends to be a self-limited disease, so its management is mainly supportive. However, mortality rates of up to 20% have been recorded. Therefore, it is important to identify patients with major risk factors and initiate preventive measures in these patients. Conclusions. Re-expansion pulmonary edema after thoracostomy is a rare complication in cases with pneumothorax; however, it is a complication that can occur in daily practice. Therefore, it must be kept in mind to be able to make the diagnosis and an adequate management.

Predictors of pleural complications in trauma patients undergoing tube thoracostomy: A prospective observational study / Fatores preditivos de complicações pleurais em vítimas de trauma submetidas à drenagem pleural: Estudo prospectivo observacional

ABSTRACT Objective: to identify variables related to pleural complications in patients undergoing tube thoracostomies due to traumatic injuries. Method: we conducted a prospective observational study from May/2019 to January/2021 including adult trauma patients submitted to tube thoracostomies after hospital admission. Patients undergoing thoracotomies as the initial treatment were not included. We excluded patients with suspected and confirmed COVID-19 diagnosis during the hospitalization. Pleural complications were defined as clotted hemothorax, residual pneumothorax and empyema. Students t, Mann Whitneys, Chi square and Fishers exact test were used to compare variables between groups. We considered p<0.05 as significant. Results: we analyzed 68 patients. The mean age was 36.0 + 12.6 years and 91.2% were male. The mean RTS and ISS were, respectively, 7.0 ± 1.6 and 15.9 ± 7.6. The most frequent trauma mechanism was stab wounds in 50.0%, followed by blunt trauma in 38.2%. The severity of thoracic injuries was stratified (AIS) as 2 (4.4%), 3 (80.9%), 4 (13.2%), e 5 (1.5%). Pleural complications happened in 14 (20.5%) patients, being clotted / residual hemothorax (11.8%), residual pneumothorax (4.4%), empyema (2.9%) and miscellaneous (1.4%). These patients were treated by thoracoscopy (5), thoracotomy (3), chest re-drainage (3) and clinical measures alone (3). There was a significant association between pleural complications with the time of permanence (p<0,001) and the necessity of relocation (p<0,001) of the drain. Conclusion: the predictors of pleural complications in this series were time of permanence and the necessity of relocation of the drain.

RESUMO Objetivo: identificar as variáveis relacionadas às complicações pleurais em vítimas de trauma submetidas a drenagem torácica. Método: estudo observacional prospectivo entre maio/2019 e janeiro/2021, incluindo adultos submetidos a drenagem torácica após a admissão hospitalar para tratamento de lesões traumáticas. Pacientes que desenvolveram COVID19 foram excluídos. As complicações pleurais foram caracterizadas como: pneumotórax residual, hemotórax residual / coagulado e empiema pleural. Comparamos as variáveis coletadas entre os grupos de pacientes com e sem estas complicações. Os testes t de Student, Mann Whitney, Chi quadrado e Fisher foram utilizados para análise estatística. Foram considerados significativos valores de p<0,05. Resultados: analisamos 68 casos, com média etária de 36,0 + 12,6 anos, de RTS de 7,0 ± 1,6 e ISS de 15,9 ± 7,6, sendo 62 (91,2%) do sexo masculino. Trinta e quatro pacientes (50,0%) foram vítimas de ferimento por arma branca. O AIS das lesões torácicas foi classificado como 2 (4,4%), 3 (80,9%), 4 (13,2%), e 5 (1,5%). As complicações pleurais ocorreram em 14 casos (20,5%), sendo hemotórax residual / coagulado em 8 casos (11,8%), pneumotórax residual em 3 (4,4%), o empiema pleural em 2 (2,9%) e associações em 1 (1,4%). Estas complicações foram tratadas por videotoracoscopia (5 casos), toracotomia (3), redrenagem de tórax (3) e medidas clínicas apenas (3). A redrenagem de tórax (p<0,001) e o tempo de permanência do dreno (p<0,001) tiveram relação significativa com a presença de complicações pleurais. Conclusão: a redrenagem do tórax e o maior tempo de permanência do dreno foram associados às complicações pleurais.

Vertebrectomia total e estabilização com pinos e polimetilmetacrilato como tratamento para luxação entre vértebras torácicas em cão ­ relato de caso / Total vertebrectomy and stabilization with pins and polymethylmethacrylate as treatment for thoracic vertebral luxation in a dog - case report

As lesões decorrentes de atropelamento são as principais causas de fraturas e luxações vertebrais, ocasionando graus variáveis de injúrias vertebrais e medulares. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo relatar a ocorrência de lesão traumática em coluna vertebral de cão sem raça definida, com quatro anos de idade, resultando em luxação T11-12, com exposição de T11 e secção medular, estando o paciente paraplégico, com sinais de lesão em neurônio motor superior e ausência de nocicepção profunda em membros pélvicos. O tratamento de escolha foi a vertebrectomia de T11, associada ao alinhamento de T10-12 com introdução de pinos e fixação com polimetilmetacrilato (PMMA) associado à ceftriaxona. Em decorrência de lesão na pleura parietal no trans-cirúrgico, optou-se pela toracostomia para introdução de tubo torácico, o qual permaneceu no paciente por quatro dias. No pós-operatório, o paciente apresentou recuperação satisfatória, sendo recomendado aos tutores a confecção de cadeira de rodas a fim de facilitar sua locomoção. A técnica mostrou-se satisfatória para minimizar as infecções passíveis de ocorrência em fraturas expostas, bem como melhorar a qualidade de vida do paciente, evitando-se dores crônicas.

Injuries resulting from being run over are the leading causes of vertebral fractures and dislocations, causing varying vertebral and spinal injuries. The present study aims to report the occurrence of traumatic injury to the spine of a mixed breed dog, aged four years, resulting in a T11-12 dislocation, with T11 exposure and spinal section, with the patient showing paraplegia, signs of an upper motor neuron lesion and absence of deep nociception in pelvic limbs. The treatment of choice was T11 vertebrectomy, associated with the alignment of T10-12 with the introduction of pins and fixation with polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) associated with ceftriaxone. Due to a lesion in the parietal pleura during the surgery, thoracostomy was chosen to introduce a chest tube, which remained in the patient for four days. In the postoperative period, the patient presented a satisfactory recovery, and it was recommended that tutors make a wheelchair to facilitate their mobility. The technique proved to be satisfactory for minimizing infections that could occur in open fractures and improving the patient's quality of life, avoiding chronic pain.

Challenging chest drainage: a case report / Drenaje torácico desafiante: reporte de un caso

Introduction. Chest trauma is one of the most common causes of death corresponding to 20 to 25 % of cases. The majority of the patients (85%), can be managed with only a tube thoracostomy. Our objective by presenting this case report is to provide an example of how to manage a challenging chest tube thoracostomy in a patient with cardiac hernia diagnosed in the preoperative phase, based on signs of computed tomography. Case report. A 45-year-old male presented to our emergency department who fell from a light pole 7 meters high. He fell to the ground on his back. Physical examination revealed a huge subcutaneous emphysema on his entire anterior chest wall and presented no sensitivity or movements below the navel line. After the initial assessment and management care, the patient improved. As the patient stabilized we decided to go to CT. The scan revealed pericardial rupture with only the right pericardial circumference intact, the heart herniated into the left pleural space, bilateral pneumothorax, small right hemothorax and a relevant subcutaneous emphysema surrounding the chest. We decided to perform the blunt dissection technique to insert chest tubes bilaterally because of safety. After performed it the patient was transferred to cardiothoracic department. Discussion. There is a variety of techniques to perform tube thoracostomy but the blunt dissection remain the safer, especially when we are facing an anatomic distortion of the heart. Conclusion. We present a case report of a challenging thoracic drainage performed in a patient with traumatic cardiac hernia, which procedure was successful

Introducción. El traumatismo torácico es una de las causas más comunes de muerte y corresponde al 20 a 25 % de los casos. La mayoría de los pacientes (85 %) pueden tratarse solo con toracostomía. Nuestro objetivo al presentar este informe de caso es proporcionar un ejemplo de cómo manejar una toracostomía desafiante en un paciente con hernia cardíaca, diagnosticada en la fase preoperatoria, basada en signos de tomografía computarizada. Presentación del caso. Paciente masculino de 45 años que ingresa a nuestro departamento de emergencias luego de caída de 7 metros de altura (poste de luz), cayendo de espaldas al suelo. El examen físico reveló un enfisema subcutáneo importante en todo el tórax anterior y sin sensibilidad ni movimientos debajo de la línea del ombligo. Después de la evaluación y atención inicial el paciente mejoró y se decidió realizar una tomografía computarizada que reveló la rotura pericárdica, con solo la circunferencia pericárdica derecha intacta, el corazón herniado en el espacio pleural izquierdo, neumotórax bilateral, pequeño hemotórax en el lado derecho y enfisema subcutáneo rodeando completamente el tórax. Se escogió una técnica de disección roma para insertar el tubo torácico en ambos hemitórax, debido a su mayor seguridad. Posteriormente, el paciente fue trasladado al departamento de cirugía cardiotorácica. Discusión. Existe una variedad de técnicas para realizar una toracostomía con sonda, pero la disección roma sigue siendo la más segura, especialmente cuando enfrentamos una distorsión anatómica del corazón. Conclusión. Presentamos el caso de un drenaje torácico desafiante practicado a un paciente con hernia cardíaca traumática, con éxito.

Toracostomía cerrada bajo sedación en el servicio de urgencias / Thoracostomy under sedation in the emergency service

El trauma es uno de los principales retos en cuanto a salud pública mundial se trata. Según la OMS, causa alrededor de cinco millones de muertes al año, siendo el trauma de tórax uno de los más frecuentes, reportándose hasta 90-96% de lesiones penetrantes con una mortalidad cercana al 30%. La toracotomía es un procedimiento frecuentemente realizado en el servicio de urgencias, pero es una técnica dolorosa e incómoda que puede generar dificultades a la hora de su realización. Se requiere encontrar la información disponible acerca de la seguridad en la intervención bajo sedación y determinar su utilidad en el servicio de urgencias, así como conocer los niveles de sedación para poder realizar las diferentes técnicas y evaluar según el procedimiento a realizar a qué nivel se debe llevar el paciente. La utilización de fármacos para analgesia y sedación en este servicio tiene por objetivo el control efectivo y seguro del dolor, control de la ansiedad, para evitar movimientos del paciente, buscando disminuir las posibles complicaciones. En esta revisión se estudian medicamentos como ketamina, propofol, morfina, hidromorfona, fentanilo, etomidato y midazolam, así como sus posibles combinaciones para implementarlos en el proceso de sedación en la toracostomía de urgencia. No hay una estrategia terapéutica aplicable a todos los pacientes por lo que cada una de ellas debe individualizarse..Au

Trauma constitutes one of the main challenges in terms of public health in the world. According to the WHO, it causes about five million deaths per year, chest trauma is one of the most frequently occurring injuries, reporting up to 90-96% of penetrating injuries with mortality close to 30%. Thoracostomy is a procedure frequently performed in the emergency department, however, it is a painful and uncomfortable procedure, and there could be difficulties while it is done. It is required to find the available information about how safe a thoracostomy is under sedation is and determine its usefulness in the emergency department; learning the levels of sedation, and depending of the procedure the patient needs, determine the level of sedation the patient has to induced into. The use of medications for analgesia and sedation in the emergency room is aimed to the effective and safe control of pain and anxiety as well as to avoid movements of the patient to reduce complications. This review considers medications such as ketamine, propofol, morphine, hydromorphone, fentanyl, etomidate, midazolam and the best combinations of these medications to carry out sedation for emergency thoracostomy. However, there is not a therapeutic strategy applicable to all patients, therefore each patient has to be analyzed individually..Au

Toracostomía abierta: en ocasiones la mejor opción / Open thoracostomy: Sometimes the best option

El tratamiento quirúrgico del empiema ha evolucionado, desde la medicina hipocrática, a través de los años, teniendo como premisa el drenaje. Con los avances médicos, el abordaje mínimamente invasivo se ha convertido en el estándar, dejando de lado otras técnicas quirúrgicas. La toracostomía abierta, en pacientes seleccionados, puede llegar a ser la última y mejor opción para el control del foco infeccioso: es una opción quirúrgica para el tratamiento de los empiemas en pacientes mórbidos y en fase de organización, cuando otros tratamientos han fallado, con una aceptable morbilidad y mortalidad. Esta técnica debe estar en el arsenal terapéutico del cirujano. Presentamos una serie de 4 casos de pacientes con empiema en fase de organización, en los cuales el riesgo quirúrgico era muy alto, por lo que se optó por realizar una toracostomía abierta, con éxito

The surgical treatment of empyema has evolved from Hippocratic medicine over the years, with drainage as its premise. With medical advances, the minimally invasive approach has become the standard, leaving aside other surgical techniques. Open thoracostomy, in selected patients, may become the last and best option for the control of the infectious focus: it is a surgical option for the treatment of empyemas in morbid patients and in the organization phase when other treatments have failed, with an acceptable morbidity and mortality. This technique should be in the surgeon's therapeutic arsenal. We present a series of four cases of patients with empyema in the organization phase, in which the surgical risk was very high, so it was decided to perform an open thoracostomy, which turn out successful

Empiema Necessitatis: reporte de un caso / Empyema Necessitatis: case report / Empiema Necessitatis: reporte de um caso

La formación de un absceso que se inicia en el espacio pleural y se extiende hacia los tejidos adyacentes se conoce como Empiema Necessitatis, es una complicación rara, más aún si es secundaria a traumatismo. El tratamiento temprano es vital y consiste en drenaje del empiema asociado a antibiótico de amplio espectro, hasta obtener cultivos del agente etiológico, con Mycobacterium tuberculosis como etiología más común. A continuación, reportamos el caso de un paciente de 47 años sin antecedentes de importancia, que ingresa inicialmente por politrauma por caída de altura, manejado de forma conservadora. Reingresa 15 días después por fiebre y aparición de masa en torácica. Se confirma, mediante tomografía de tórax contrastada, fistulización de una colección hacia tejidos blandos, por lo que se inicia manejo antibiótico y quirúrgico. Se aisló Staphylococcus aureus sensible. El paciente mejora y egresa para seguir manejo ambulatorio.

The Formation of an abscess in the pleural space that spreads through the adjacent tissues is known as Empyema Necessitatis, which is a rare complication, even more if it is secondary to trauma. An early management is vital and consists of a surgical drainage of empyema associated with broad-spectrum antibiotics until the etiologic agent is identified. Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the most common etiology found. The article presents a report on a medical case of a 47 year-old patient without a significant personal medical history, who was initially admitted for polytrauma due to a fall from his own height. The trauma was treated in a conventional way. After 15 days, is admitted again with fever and a new mass in the wall chest. A CT tomography showed a pus fistulation from the pleural space through the soft tissues of the chest. A drainage was performed and broad-spectrum antibiotics were given until sensitive Staphylococcus aureus was identified. Finally, the patient got better and continued ambulatory management.

A formação de um abscesso que se inicia no espaço pleural e se estende aos tecidos adjacentes se conhece como Empiema Necessitatis, é uma complicação rara, mas ainda assim é secundária ao traumatismo. O tratamento precoce é vital e consiste em drenagem do empiema associado a antibiótico de amplo espectro, até obter cultivos do agente etiológico, com Mycobacterium tuberculosis como etiologia mais comum. A continuação, reportamos o caso de um paciente de 47 anos sem antecedentes de importância, que ingressa inicialmente por politrauma por queda de altura, manejado de forma conservadora. Reingressa 15 dias depois por febre e aparecimento de massa em torácica. Se confirma, mediante tomografia de tórax contrastada, fistulização de uma coleção aos tecidos moles, pelo que se inicia manejo antibiótico e cirúrgico. Se isolou Staphylococcus aureus sensível. O paciente melhora e egressa para seguir manejo ambulatório.

Drenaje percutáneo con catéter del neumotórax en pacientes con COVID­19 / Percutaneous catheter drainage of pneumothorax in patients with COVID-19

Introducción. La transmisión del SARS-CoV-2 principalmente se da por gotas y contacto cercano con las per-sonas infectadas, pero los aerosoles parecen ser también una fuente de infección. El neumotórax espontáneo o secundario puede presentarse en pacientes con COVID-19, ayudado por patologías de base como la enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica. Es necesario garantizar procedimientos seguros para los pacientes y buscar todas las medidas posibles para la protección del personal de la salud, por eso el drenaje de neumotórax con catéter pleural en lugar de sonda de toracostomía puede ser una de ellas.El objetivo de este estudio es presentar a los cirujanos una alternativa a la toracostomía tradicional, mediante la utilización de catéteres de menor diámetro, para la resolución de la ocupación pleural.Aspectos Técnicos. Se presenta el protocolo para inserción segura de un catéter pleural para el drenaje de neumotórax, mediante un sistema completamente cerrado, y se dan recomendaciones sobre el uso de filtros virales y solución viricida en el sistema de drenaje pleural conectado al catéter. Conclusión. El estado de pandemia por COVID-19 y el riesgo que representa para los profesionales de la salud la exposición a fuentes de transmisión durante procedimientos generadores de aerosoles, hace que se deban extremar las medidas para evitar el contagio.

Introduction. The transmission of SARS-CoV-2 mainly occurs by drops and close contact with infected people, but aerosols also seem to be a source of infection. Spontaneous or secondary pneumothorax can occur in patients with COVID-19, helped by underlying pathologies such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. It is necessary to guarantee safe procedures for patients and to seek all possible measures for the protection of health personnel, so drainage of pneumothorax with a pleural catheter instead of a thoracostomy tube may be one of those. The objective of this study is to present surgeons with an alternative to traditional thoracostomy, using smaller diameter catheters, to resolve pleural occupancy.Technical aspects. The protocol for the safe insertion of a pleural catheter for pneumothorax drainage is presented, using a completely closed system, and recommendations are given on the use of viral filters and viricidal solution in the pleural drainage system connected to the catheter.Conclusions. The state of the COVID-19 pandemic and the risk that exposure to sources of transmission sources during aerosol-generating procedures represents for health professionals means that extreme measures must be taken to avoid contagion.

Safety model for chest drainage in pandemic by COVID-19 / Modelo de segurança para realização de drenagem torácica na pandemia pela COVID-19

ABSTRACT Over one million cases of the SARS-CoV-2 virus have been confirmed worldwide, with the death toll exceeding 50,000 people. An important issue to be addressed concerns the exposure of health professionals to this new virus. The first reports from Wuhan province, China, described infection rates of up to 29% among healthcare professionals before the use of personal protective equipment (PPE) was fully regulated. There are several protocols on the correct use of PPE during aerosol-generating procedures. However, there is no specific guidance on how to proceed in cases of need for chest tubes in patients with positive COVID-19 active air leak. The objective of this work is to assist surgeons of the most diverse specialties during the chest drainage of a patient with COVID-19 and to avoid a risk of contamination to the professional and the environment.

RESUMO Mais de um milhão de casos do vírus SARS-CoV-2 foram confirmados em todo o mundo, com o número de mortos ultrapassando 50.000 pessoas. Uma questão importante a ser abordada diz respeito à exposição dos profissionais de saúde à esse novo vírus. Os primeiros relatórios da província de Wuhan, na China, descreveram taxas de infecção de até 29% entre os profissionais de saúde antes que o uso de equipamentos de proteção pessoal (EPI) fosse totalmente regulamentado. Existem vários protocolos sobre o uso correto de EPI durante os procedimentos geradores de aerossóis. No entanto, não há orientação específica sobre como proceder em casos de necessidade de drenos torácicos em pacientes com vazamento de ar ativo COVID-19 positivos. O objetivo desse trabalho é auxiliar os cirurgiões das mais diversas especialidades durante a drenagem torácica de um paciente com COVID-19 e evitar um risco de contaminação ao profissional e no ambiente.

Mini-thoracostomy with vacuum-assisted closure: a minimally invasive alternative to open-window thoracostomy / Minipleurostomia com curativo a vácuo: uma opção minimamente invasiva a pleurostomia

ABSTRACT Thoracostomy is a common treatment option for patients with stage III pleural empyema who do not tolerate pulmonary decortication. However, thoracostomy is considered mutilating because it involves a thoracic stoma, the closure of which can take years or require further surgery. A new, minimally invasive technique that uses the vacuum-assisted closure has been proposed as an alternative to thoracostomy. This study aims to analyze the safety and effectiveness of mini-thoracostomy with vacuum-assisted closure in an initial sample of patients.

RESUMO A pleurostomia é uma opção frequente de tratamento para pacientes com empiema pleural fase III que não toleram decorticação pulmonar. Todavia, esse tratamento é considerado mutilante por envolver a confecção de um stoma torácico, que pode demorar anos para se fechar ou requerer nova cirurgia. Descreveu-se recentemente uma técnica minimamente invasiva que associa uso intrapleural de curativo a vácuo como opção a pleurostomia. A presente comunicação objetiva demonstrar o resultado de uma série inicial de pacientes tratados com a minipleurostomia associada ao uso de curativo a vácuo no que tange a sua efetividade e segurança.

Traumatismo torácico en pediatría / Pediatric thoracic trauma

Thoracic trauma is the second cause of death for trauma in children. It is caused by mechanisms of high energy, principally motor vehicle collision. Multisystemic injuries are frequent. Management involves knowledge and understanding the anatomy, physiologyand the mechanism of the injuries, their change at different ages and the difference from adults. Pediatric chest trauma is caused mainly by contusion and there is increasing penetrating trauma in adolescents. The most common injuries are pulmonary contusion, hemothorax and pneumothorax with rib fractures. Airway, great vessels and heart injuries are rare but very serious. Most of thoracic injuries are solved by respiratory and hemodynamic support measurements, and tube thoracostomy. It is vital to recognize, in initial evaluation, those potentially lethal injuries, which give no time for radiological evaluation.

El traumatismo torácico es la segunda causa de muerte por trauma en niños. Es causado por mecanismos de alta energía, principalmente accidentes de tránsito, siendo frecuentes las lesiones multisistémicas, lo que aumenta su gravedad. Un manejo adecuado requiere conocer y entender como la anatomía, fisiología y los patrones de las lesiones cambian a distintas edades y difieren del comportamiento en adultos. Los traumatismos de tórax pediátricos son mayormente contusos aumentando los traumatismos penetrantes en adolescentes. Las lesiones más comunes son la contusión pulmonar, hemotórax, neumotórax y fracturas costales las cuales pueden coexistir. Las lesiones de vía aérea, corazón y grandes vasos son raras pero muy graves. La mayoría de los traumatismos torácicos se resuelven con medidas de soporte hemodinámico, respiratorio y drenaje pleural. Es vital reconocer en evaluación inicial aquellas lesiones potencialmente letales, que no dan tiempo a evaluación radiológica.

Institutional protocol to standardize the chest drainage system management, from surgery to nursing care, at a regional hospital in northern Paraná / Protocolo institucional para padronizar cuidados com o dreno de tórax, desde a intervenção cirúrgica até os cuidados de enfermagem, em hospital regional do norte do Paraná

The purpose of chest drainage is to allow lung re-expansion and the reestablishment of the subatmospheric pressure in the pleural space. Properly managing the drainage system minimizes procedure -related complications. This prospective observational study evaluated adult patients undergoing water-seal chest drainage, admitted to our hospital and accompanied by residents and tutors, aiming to check their care. One hundred chest drainages were monitored. The average age was 38.8 years old. The average drainage time was 6.7 days. Trauma was the prevalent cause (72%) for the indication of pleural drainage. The obstruction of the system occurred in 6% of the cases; 5% subcutaneous emphysema, 1% infection around the drain; 5% accidental dislodgement of the drain, and in 5% of the patients, there were some complications when removing the drain. Failures in chest drainage technique and management were present, and reflected in some complications that are inherent to the procedure, although it is known that there are intrinsic complications. This study aimed to assess the management of closed chest drainage systems and standardize the care provided in such procedure.

O objetivo da drenagem torácica é possibilitar a reexpansão pulmonar e o restabelecimento da pressão subatmosférica no espaço pleural. O manejo adequado do sistema de drenagem minimiza as complicações relacionadas ao procedimento. O presente estudo observacional prospectivo avaliou pacientes adultos submetidos à drenagem torácica em selo d'água, internados em nosso hospital e acompanhados por médicos residentes e preceptores, com o objetivo de verificar o manejo com eles. Foram observadas 100 drenagens torácicas. A faixa etária média foi de 38,8 anos. O tempo médio de drenagem foi de 6,7 dias. Houve predomínio da causa traumática (72%) na indicação de drenagem pleural. A obstrução do sistema esteve presente em 6% dos casos; em 5%, houve enfisema subcutâneo; em 1%, infecção peridreno; em 5%, deslocamento acidental do dreno e, em 5% dos pacientes, houve complicação na retirada do dreno. Falhas na técnica e no manejo de drenagem torácica estão presentes em nosso serviço, refletidas em algumas complicações inerentes ao procedimento, embora saibamos que haja complicações que lhe são intrínsecas. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o manejo dos sistemas de drenagem torácica fechada e padronizar o protocolo para os cuidados com esse procedimento.

Ventana torácica y anestesia local en la supuración pleural / Thoracic window and local anesthesia in pleural suppuration

Introducción: la colección purulenta en la cavidad pleural es causa de complicaciones, por procesos infecciosos pulmonares, y de alta mortalidad. Con frecuencia se trata de enfermos con deterioro del estado general, situación que se agrava en enfermos de edades geriátricas. Objetivo: mostrar la experiencia en el uso de la toracostomía con resección costal y anestesia local en el Hospital Universitario Manuel Fajardo para la atención de enfermos con empiema pleural. Métodos: se estudiaron 24 pacientes con empiema pleural atendidos desde enero de 1998 hasta octubre de 2015, con edad avanzada y estado físico precario en el Hospital Universitario Manuel Fajardo a los que se les realizó una ventana pleurocutánea con anestesia local. Resultados: La edad promedio fue de edad 72 años; 75 por ciento presentó enfermedades asociadas. La relación hombre/mujer fue de 3 a 1. La causa más frecuente fue el derrame paraneumónico infestado, 100 por ciento tuvo antecedentes de pleurostomía. Hubo cultivo negativo en 20,8 por ciento pacientes. Los gérmenes más frecuentes fueron el estreptococo, estafilococo y gérmenes gramnegativos. Las costillas resecadas fueron los arcos costales anteriores sexto y séptimo y el tiempo promedio de cierre de las ventanas fue de 8 meses, sin mortalidad quirúrgica. Conclusión: la ventana torácica pleurocutánea es un procedimiento quirúrgico de baja mortalidad, ideal para solucionar una cavidad pleural tabicada con gran utilidad en enfermos de edades geriátricas y con estado físico precario, por la factibilidad de realizarla con anestesia local(AU)

Introduction: pleural cavity purulent collection causes high mortality and complications in lung infections processes. It often comes to patients with deterioration of general condition, a situation muchworsened in patients of geriatric age. Objective: to show the experience in using costal thoracostomy and local anesthesia in care for elderly patients with pleural empyema and poor physical condition. Methods: study carried out in 24 patients with pleural empyema, advanced age and poor physical condition cared for from January 1998 to October 2015 at Comandante Manuel Fajardo University Hospital and who also underwent pleurocutaneous window with local anesthesia. Results: average age was 72 years. The male/female ratio was 3 to 1. 75 percent of the patients presented associated diseases. The most frequent cause was infested parapneumonic effusion. There was pleurostomy history in 100 percent of the cases, negative culture in 20.8 percent, while the most common germs were streptococcus, staphylococcus and gram-negative bacteria. The resected ribs were the sixth and seventh previous costal arches. El average windows closing time was 8 months. There was no surgical mortality. Conclusion: pleurocutaneous thoracic window is a surgical procedure with low mortality, ideal to settle a pleural cavity tabicada with great utility in patients at geriatric age and in precarious physical condition, from the feasibility of being performing under local anesthesia(AU)

The impact of a chest tube management protocol on the outcome of trauma patients with tube thoracostomy / Impacto de um protocolo de cuidados a pacientes com trauma torácico drenado

ABSTRACTObjective:to investigate the effect of standardized interventions in the management of tube thoracostomy patients and to assess the independent effect of each intervention.Methods:A chest tube management protocol was assessed in a retrospective cohort study. The tube thoracostomy protocol (TTP) was implemented in August 2012, and consisted of: antimicrobial prophylaxis, chest tube insertion in the operating room (OR), admission post chest tube thoracostomy (CTT) in a hospital floor separate from the emergency department (ED), and daily respiratory therapy (RT) sessions post-CTT. The inclusion criteria were, hemodynamic stability, patients between the ages of 15 and 59 years, and injury severity score (ISS) < 17. All patients had isolated injuries to the chest wall, lung, and pleura. During the study period 92 patients were managed according to the standardized protocol. The outcomes of those patients were compared to 99 patients treated before the TTP. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to assess the independent effect of each variable of the protocol on selected outcomes.Results:Demographics, injury severity, and trauma mechanisms were similar among the groups. As expected, protocol compliance increased after the implementation of the TTP. There was a significant reduction (p<0.05) in the incidence of retained hemothoraces, empyemas, pneumonias, surgical site infections, post-procedural complications, hospital length of stay, and number of chest tube days. Respiratory therapy was independently linked to significant reduction (p<0.05) in the incidence of seven out of eight undesired outcomes after CTT. Antimicrobial prophylaxis was linked to a significant decrease (p<0.05) in retained hemothoraces, despite no significant (p<0.10) reductions in empyema and surgical site infections. Conversely, OR chest tube insertion was associated with significant (p<0.05) reduction of both complications, and also significantly decreased the incidence of pneumonias.Conclusion:Implementation of a TTP effectively reduced complications after CTT in trauma patients.

RESUMOObjetivo:avaliar a implantação do Cuidado Padronizado com o Dreno de Tórax (CPDT) em um hospital público, referência para o trauma, e o impacto independente de cada um dos itens do protocolo no período do estudo sobre desfechos selecionados.Métodos: coorte retrospectiva avaliando implementação do Cuidado Padronizado para o Dreno de Tórax (CPDT). Foram incluídos pacientes entre 15 e 59 anos de idade, hemodinamicamente estáveis, com Injury Severity Score inferior a 17, com lesão isolada na parede do tórax, pulmão e pleura. Foram comparados 99 pacientes antes do CPDT com 92 depois do CPDT. Foi realizada comparação de desfechos selecionados por meio de diferença de proporções. A regressão logística multivariada foi feita para análise do efeito independente de cada variável do protocolo.Resultados:não houve diferença entre os grupos quanto às variáveis sociodemográficas, índice de gravidade e mecanismo de trauma. A implementação do CPDT resultou no aumento no percentual de todos os itens do protocolo. Houve redução significativa (p<0,05) de hemotórax retido, empiema, pneumonia, infecções de ferida operatória e nova operação, queda do percentual de pacientes retornados com complicações, tempo de internação e de permanência do dreno. A fisioterapia revelou-se independentemente associada à redução de sete dos oito desfechos (p<0,05). O antibiótico presuntivo revelou tendência de associação com a redução de empiema e de infecções de ferida operatória (p<0,10) e esteve associado à redução do hemotórax retido (p<0,05). A drenagem no centro cirúrgico esteve associada à redução de empiema, pneumonia e infecção de ferida operatória (p<0,05).Conclusão:a implementação do CPDT foi efetiva na redução de complicações de pacientes com dreno de tórax.

Cuidados com o sistema de drenagem torácica em adultos internados no Hospital Universitário Regional de Maringá, Estado do Paraná, Brasil / Care with the thoracic drainage system in adults at the Universitary Hospital of Maringá, Paraná State, Brazil

Avaliou- se, prospectivamente, o manejo dos sistemas de drenagem torácica fechada em pacientes adultos no Hospital Universitário de Maringá, Estado do Paraná, no período de dez meses. Foram acompanhadas 90 drenagens em 75 pacientes. Predominou a causa traumática em pacientes jovens como determinante de indicação da drenagem pleural (61/90, 68%). A falta do curativo em meso e contrameso, como fixação complementar do dreno, foi a ocorrência isolada mais comum no manejo, sendo encontrado rotineiramente em 20% (18/90). A presença de obstrução (por dobramento, sifonagem, coágulo ou fibrina) esteve presente em 12% das drenagens (11/90) e complicações (enfisema subcutâneo, infecção, deslocamento acidental, pneumotórax na retirada do dreno) em 21% (20/90). O manejo apropriado da drenagem torácica reduz a morbidade associada ao método. Esta pesquisa ressalta a importância do treinamento continuado e do estabelecimento de manuais que padronizem condutas para os profissionais da saúde que manejam o sistema de drenagem torácica.

The handling of adults' closed thoracic drainage systems at the University Hospital of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná State, Brazil during a 10-month period was prospectively evaluated. Ninety thoracic drainages in 75 patients were analyzed. Traumatic causes in young patients determined pleural drainage (61/90, 68%). The absence of an omental tag of tape as a complementary tube fixation was the most common, albeit isolated case, occurrence in the procedure. In fact, it has been routinely found in 20% (18/90) of cases. Whereas tube obstruction (due to kinking, siphoning, clotting or fibrin) was detected in 12% (11/90) of drainage cases, drainage complications (subcutaneous emphysema, infection, accidental dislodgement, pneumothorax following chest tube removal) occurred in 21% (20/90) of cases. Adequate handling of tube thoracostomy reduces morbidity related to this procedure. Current research enhances the importance of continuous training and of textbooks that would standardize procedures for health teams whose role involves interventions in the thoracic drainage system.

Utilidad de los antimicrobianos en la toracostomía cerrada por trauma / Are antimicrobials useful in closed thoracostomy due to trauma?

Introducción: Una cuarta parte de las muertes en trauma son por trauma torácico. El paciente con trauma torácico generalmente presenta neumotórax o hemotórax, los cuales predisponen a complicaciones infecciosas que dependen de múltiples factores. El manejo en muchas instituciones incluye antimicrobianos para prevenir complicaciones infecciosas, si bien no está demostrada la reducción de la incidencia de infecciones. El objetivo de nuestra investigación fue evaluar la utilidad de los antimicrobianos en trauma torácico. Material y métodos: Estudio clínico controlado, doble ciego, analítico, longitudinal, prospectivo, comparativo, de dos grupos: A recibió cefalotina y B, placebo. Rango de edad de 15 a 65 años. El análisis estadístico se llevó a cabo con χ2 o prueba exacta de Fisher. Resultados: 126 pacientes fueron incluidos en el estudio, 63 en cada grupo, con similares características demográficas. La media de días con pleurostomía fue de 6.56, pero en quienes desarrollaron empiema fue de 11; la incidencia del empiema fue de 6.4 % (n = 8). Tres pacientes con empiema fueron del grupo A y cinco del B; tres empiemas fueron complejos y cinco simples; dos requirieron toracoscopia y uno toracotomía; cinco curaron con sonda endopleural. Al relacionar en el análisis bivariado el uso de antimicrobiano versus empiema y días de estancia, no se identificó diferencia estadísticamente significativa. Conclusiones: Este estudio no demostró que los antimicrobianos sean útiles para prevenir infecciones pleurales en trauma torácico.

BACKGROUND: Thoracic trauma accounts for 25% of deaths due to trauma. Chest trauma patients generally present to the emergency room with pneumo- or hemothorax. According to the majority of the studies, management of closed thoracostomy for trauma includes the use of antimicrobial drugs to prevent infectious complications, but this has not been proven to be beneficial. We undertook this study to evaluate antimicrobial use in thoracic trauma patients with closed thoracostomy and its impact on the development of infectious complications. METHODS: We carried out a prospective, randomized, double blind, comparative study. Patients with isolated chest trauma requiring closed thoracostomy were divided into two groups. Group A received cefalotin, and group B received placebo. Ages ranged from 15-65 years. Results were analyzed with chi(2) and Fisher exact test. RESULTS: One hundred twenty six patients were included in this study. There were 63 patients in each group with similar demographic characteristics. The mean length of hospital stay with the tube was 6.56 days, but the average stay was 11 days for patients who developed empyema. Eight patients developed empyema, three patients with empyema belonged to group A patients and five patients with empyema belonged to group B. For empyema management, five cases were resolved by chest drainage, two cases required thoracoscopic cleaning and drainage and one patient was resolved with thoracotomy and pleural decortication. Bivariate analysis comparing antimicrobial use vs. empyema and length of drainage vs. antimicrobials did not show a statistically significant difference. CONCLUSIONS: The present study did not demonstrate that antimicrobial use was beneficial in the prevention of pleural infections in the management of chest trauma patients requiring closed thoracostomy.

A influência do uso do "clamp" ou braçadeira no acúmulo de coágulos em drenos pleurais tubulares / The influence of clamp usage on clot deposit formation inside thoracic drains

OBJETIVO: Conduziu-se este estudo prospectivo a fim de avaliar-se a influência do uso da braçadeira sobre o acúmulo de coágulos dentro dos drenos pleurais. MÉTODO: Os drenos pleurais foram pesados logo após sua retirada, lavados e secados e pesados novamente. A diferença entre a primeira e a segunda pesagem foi admitida como a quantidade de coágulos acumulada. RESULTADOS: Houve maior acúmulo de coágulo nos drenos temporariamente obstruídos por braçadeira em relação àqueles não obstruídos. CONCLUSÃO: Notou-se, neste estudo, maior acúmulo de coágulo dentro de drenos pleurais obstruídos, mesmo que intermitentemente, o que pode levar ao mau funcionamento de todo o sistema de drenagem. A discussão sobre o correto uso dos drenos pleurais deve ser constante e fazer parte de programas de educação continuada para médicos e enfermagem, a fim de que este sistema, amplamente utilizado e altamente eficiente, seja otimizado.

BACKGROUND: A prospective study was done to evaluate the influence of clamp usage on clot formation inside thoracic drains. METHODS: Each drain was weighed soon after removal; they were then washed, dried and weighed again. The difference between the first and second weights was taken as the amount of clot deposit formed. RESULTS: We found more clots accumulated inside the drains that were temporarily obstructed by the clamp. CONCLUSION: In this study, there were more clots formation inside thoracic drains clamped, even if they were occluded intermittently. This can lead thoracic drains to function improperly. The discussion about the correct usage of thoracic drains must be a subject for educational programs for physicians and nurses, to aim for the safest use of this widely used and highly efficient system.

Manejo del derrame pleural, servicio de cirugía, hospital Doctor Roberto Gilbert Elizalde: Guayaquil – Ecuador: enero de 2001 – diciembre de 2003 / Handling of pleural effusion in Doctor Roberto Gilbert Elizalde hospital, surgery service: Guayaquil – Ecuador: January/2001 – December/2003

Tipo de Estudio: retrospectivo, descriptivo, analítico. Objetivo: demostrar la mayor eficiencia del uso de toracoscopía dentro de los diez primeros días en el manejo del derrame pleural sobre otros métodos. Pacientes y Métodos: Se estudió a todos los pacientes del área de cirugía, comprendidos entre 0 a 15 años de edad del hospital “Dr. Roberto Gilbert Elizalde”, que hayan sido atendidos en el período enero 2001 a diciembre 2003, con diagnóstico de neumopatías complicadas con derrame pleural. Resultados: a nivel masculino, con edades que correspondían entre 0 a 30 meses, presentó mayor porcentaje frente a otras edades con un 21.91. En el grupo femenino, el 32.02 de los pacientes correspondían entre las edades de 0-30 meses, este porcentaje fue mayor frente a otros grupos de edades. La zona urbana presentó un 43.26 de neumopatías con derrame pleural. Entre los gérmenes más cultivados se encuentran en un 57.14 el estafilococo aureus. El método de tratamiento quirúrgico más usado fue la toracotomía mínima en un 98.88, sobre la toracoscopía en 1.12 de casos. Conclusiones: esta patología presentó predominio en el grupo femenino, y en el grupo etario entre 0 a 30meses tanto en femenino como en masculino. De acuerdo al correcto manejo del paciente tras la realización de una toracotomía mínima, podemos determinar que el tiempo de uso de un tubo pleural fue: en el 49.44 de los pacientes, y lo usaron entre 1-7 días.

Study Type: Retrospective, descriptive, analytical. Objective: To prove that using thoracoscopy within the first ten days handling pleural effusion is more efficient than other methods. Patients and methods: All patients between 0 and 15 years old of the surgery area of “Dr. Roberto Gilbert Elizalde” hospital treated between January/2001 and December 2003 with the diagnosis of pneumopathy complicated with pleural effusion, were included in this study. Results: male patients from 0 to 30 moths old were up to a greater percentage compared to other ages: 21.91 . In the female group, 32.02 of patients were between ages of 0 and 30 months; this percentage was greater compared to other age groups. In urban zone the percentage of pneumopathies with pleural effusion was 43.26. Among the most frequently found germs in culture are the staphylococcus aureus (57.14 ). The surgical treatment method most frequently used was minimal thoracotomy (98.88 of cases), over thoracoscopy (1.12 of cases). Conclusions: This pathology showed predominance in female group, and in the 0 to 30 months age group as much in the female group as in the male one. According to the appropriate handling of the patient after minimal thoracotomy was carried out, we can see that the using time of a pleural tube was: 49.44 of patients used it between 1 and 7 days.

Procedimientos quirúrgicos en 156 casos de derrame pleural: resultados inmediatos / Surgical procedures in 156 cases of pleural effusion: immediate results

Introducción: el derrame pleural es una entidad clínica frecuente, su estudio y manejo son importantes para resolverlo. El objetivo fue evaluar los resultados inmediatos de los procedimientos diagnósticos y terapéuticos en casos consecutivos de derrame pleural. Material y métodos: durante un periodo de 12 meses, de 787 pacientes hospitalizados, 156 (19.8 %) presentaron derrame pleural. También se evaluaron 22 casos de neumotórax considerados como derrame gaseoso y 10 con empiema crónico. Resultados y discusión: en 23 casos no neoplásicos, la toracentesis diagnóstica y evacuadora resolvió el derrame. El drenaje con sonda intrapleural conectada a sello de agua se practicó en 133: en 109 (81.9 %) se resolvió el derrame y en 24 se practicaron otros procedimientos. En este grupo el derrame fue neoplásico en 35 y no neoplásico en 98, incluidos 36 iatrogénicos; 22 casos de neumotórax se consideraron como derrame gaseoso y fueron tratados con sonda intrapleural; 10 casos de empiema crónico fueron estudiados como secuelas de derrames, no fueron resueltos con los procedimientos mencionados. Hubo diferencia significativa entre derrames neoplásicos y no neoplásicos (p = 0.001), y entre casos manejados con procedimientos de invasión mínima y sonda intrapleural (p = 0.001), por comparación de proporciones. Se comenta la utilidad de la pleurodesis y la toracoscopia en el tratamiento del derrame. En casos crónicos la toracostomía en ventana y mioplastia consecutiva tienen indicación precisa. Conclusiones: el diagnóstico y tratamiento oportunos del derrame pleural son importantes. La colocación de sonda pleural resuelve la mayoría de los casos (89.9 %). El neumotórax debe ser igualmente manejado. El empiema crónico requiere toracostomía en ventana y mioplastia. Las maniobras descuidadas o inadecuadas provocan derrames de naturaleza iatrogénica.

BACKGROUND: Pleural effusion is a common clinical entity. Proper diagnosis and management are important for successful treatment. We undertook this study to evaluate immediate results of the procedures used in a group of cases with pleural effusion. METHODS: Of 2589 patients at first consultation, 787 were hospitalized and 156 had pleural effusion. Diagnostic and therapeutic procedures used were evaluated. RESULTS: With thoracentesis and evacuation of liquid, 23 nonneoplastic cases had resolution. Chest tube drainage with water seal was performed in 133 patients. This procedure suppressed the effusion in 109 patients, but in 24 patients another approach was necessary. In this group there were 35 neoplastic and 96 nonmalignant cases, the latter 36 were provoked by iatrogenic management. Twenty two cases of pneumothorax considered as gaseous effusion and 10 cases of chronic empyema sequelae of pleural effusions were also studied. Proportion comparison demonstrated significant differences between neoplastic and nonneoplastic effusions (p =0.001) and in cases managed with minimally invasive procedures and chest tube drainage (p =0.001). The performance of pleurodesis and thoracoscopy is discussed. In chronic cases, indications of open window thoracostomy and myoplasty are elucidated. CONCLUSIONS: In pleural effusion, opportune diagnosis and proper management are essential. Drainage tube can solve the majority of cases. Pneumothorax must be treated in the same way. In chronic empyema, open window thoracostomy and myoplasty are indicated. Careless patient management and poor treatment lead to iatrogenic complications.